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The Weekly Pill

04/01/24-04/07/24

Apr 06, 2024
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Hi everyone,

Welcome to all our new subscribers who joined us this week! We're thrilled to have you as part of The Weekly Pill community. Your readership means the world to us. If you could kindly share this newsletter with your friends or coworkers, we would greatly appreciate your support! This resource holds value for a wide range of individuals, including venture capitalists, students, professionals at all levels within pharmaceutical companies, and anyone with a curious mindset eager to learn. Your assistance in this endeavor is greatly appreciated.

I sincerely hope you enjoy reading our newsletter and that it adds value to your understanding of the biotech world. Wishing each of you a blessed week ahead, and I look forward to connecting with you all again next week for another update.

If you really enjoy what we're doing here, consider becoming a paid subscriber to encourage us and gain access to the paid section, which includes insights on upcoming catalysts next week, the most shorted biotech stocks, earnings, market comments, notes and M&A comments. Now let’s dive into last week recap!

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Table of contents

  • How the market performed this week

  • Licenses / Partnerships

  • Clinical trials

  • Financing

  • RIF

  • Disease of the week

  • What I’ve read this week

Paid Content Section

  • Upcoming Catalysts Next Week

  • Reminders

  • Biotech Valuation

  • Most Shorted Biotech Stock as of This Week

  • Market

  • Notes from analysts

  • Venture Capital Market

  • M&A

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How the market performed this week

ETFs

Gene Therapy

RNA Therapy

Big Pharma

Gainers / Decliners this week in biotech

News of the week

Licenses/Partnerships

  • XOMA Corporation (XOMA)

    • Event Phase: I

      • Drug: KIN-3248

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors, Biliary Tract Cancer

      • Target: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)

      • LOA: 5%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • Event Phase: IND

      • Drug: KIN-7136

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: Mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK, MAPKK, MAP2K)

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: KIN-8741

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met, HGFR)

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: KIN004

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: Cyclin Dependent Kinase 12 (CDK-12)

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Kintara Therapeutics (KTRA)

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: VAL-083

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

      • Target: DNA Damage Repair, DNA synthesis, Protein synthesis, RNA synthesis

      • Source Link: Accesswire

    • Development Outside U.S.

      • Drug: VAL-083

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

      • Target: DNA Damage Repair, DNA synthesis, Protein synthesis, RNA synthesis

      • Source Link: Accesswire

    • III

      • Drug: VAL-083

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Brain Cancer (Malignant Glioma; AA and glioblastoma (GBM))

      • Target: DNA Damage Repair, DNA synthesis, Protein synthesis, RNA synthesis

      • LOA: 44%

      • Source Link: Accesswire

    • III

      • Drug: REM-001

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Breast Cancer

      • Target: Reactive Oxygen Species/Free Radicals

      • LOA: 44%

      • Source Link: Accesswire

    • II

      • Drug: REM-001

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Skin Cancer - Basal Cell Carcinoma Nevus Syndrome (BCCNS) / Gorlin Syndrome

      • Target: Reactive Oxygen Species/Free Radicals

      • LOA: 11%

      • Source Link: Accesswire

    • IND

      • Drug: VAL-083

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Ovarian Cancer

      • Target: DNA Damage Repair, DNA synthesis, Protein synthesis, RNA synthesis

      • Source Link: Accesswire

  • CytomX Therapeutics, Inc. (CTMX)

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: Probody T-Cell Therapy (CytomX)

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Cancer

      • Target: Cluster of Differentiation 3 (CD3), Immune System

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Ipsen SA (IPSEY)

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: STRO-003

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: ROR-1/NTRKR1

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Appili Therapeutics Inc. (APLI)

    • Approved

      • Drug: LIKMEZ

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea/Infection (CDAD/CDI)

      • Target: Microbial DNA, Reactive Oxygen Species/Free Radicals

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

    • III

      • Drug: ATI-1801

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Leishmaniasis

      • Target: Unknown

      • LOA: 59%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: ATI-1701

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Antibacterial - General

      • Target: Unknown

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. (RDY)

    • III

      • Drug: Favipiravir

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Influenza (excluding vaccines)

      • Target: RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-2

      • LOA: 59%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

    • II

      • Drug: Favipiravir

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: COVID-19 Prevention

      • Target: RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-2

      • LOA: 23%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

    • Development Outside U.S.

      • Drug: Favipiravir

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Antiviral - Other Treatments

      • Target: RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-2

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • AbbVie Inc. (ABBV)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Enablex

      • Disease Group: Urology

      • Indication: Overactive Bladder (OAB)

      • Target: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ANIP)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Vancocin

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea/Infection (CDAD/CDI)

      • Target: Cell wall synthesis

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Amgen, Inc. (AMGN)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Vimovo

      • Disease Group: Neurology

      • Indication: Arthritis Pain

      • Target: Cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3), Proton pump

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

    • Approved

      • Drug: Pennsaid 2%

      • Disease Group: Neurology

      • Indication: Osteoarthritis Pain

      • Target: Cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3)

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Novartis AG (NVS)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Fiorinal with Codeine

      • Disease Group: Neurology

      • Indication: Tension Headache

      • Target: Adenosine Receptors, Cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3), GABA-A Receptor

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

    • Approved

      • Drug: Visken

      • Disease Group: Cardiovascular

      • Indication: Hypertension (Systemic), Angina

      • Target: Beta Adrenergic Receptors

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Mayne Pharma Group Limited (MYX:AU)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Estelle

      • Disease Group: Endocrine

      • Indication: Contraception

      • Target: Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER1 or ER alpha), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER2 or ER beta)

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

    • Development Outside U.S.

      • Drug: Estelle

      • Disease Group: Obstetrics/Gynecology

      • Indication: Dysmenorrhea

      • Target: Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER1 or ER alpha), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER2 or ER beta)

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Relief Therapeutics Holding AG (RLF)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Cambia

      • Disease Group: Neurology

      • Indication: Migraine and Other Headaches

      • Target: Cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3)

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • RVL Pharmaceuticals plc (RVLP)

    • Approved

      • Drug: ConZip

      • Disease Group: Neurology

      • Indication: Chronic Pain

      • Target: Opioid receptors

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Sol-Gel Technologies, Ltd. (SLGL)

    • Approved

      • Drug: Epsolay

      • Disease Group: Dermatology

      • Indication: Rosacea

      • Target: Bacteria-miscellaneous, Retinoic acid receptor (RARs)

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

    • Approved

      • Drug: Twyneo

      • Disease Group: Dermatology

      • Indication: Acne

      • Target: Retinoic acid receptor (RARs)

      • LOA: 100%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Hikma Pharmaceuticals plc (HIK)

    • Development Outside U.S.

      • Drug: Blexten

      • Disease Group: Allergy

      • Indication: Allergic Rhinitis, Urticaria, Pruritus, Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

      • Target: Histamine H1 Receptor (HRH1)

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Mithra Pharmaceuticals SA (MITRA)

    • III

      • Drug: Donesta

      • Disease Group: Endocrine

      • Indication: Menopause (including Hormone Replacement Therapy [HRT])

      • Target: Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER1 or ER alpha), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER2 or ER beta)

      • LOA: 63%

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

    • Preclinical

      • Drug: Donesta

      • Disease Group: Dermatology, Neurology

      • Indication: Wound Healing, Neurology - Other

      • Target: Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER1 or ER alpha), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER2 or ER beta)

      • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • BioInvent International AB (BINV)

    • II

      • Drug: BI-1910

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: Immune System, TNFR (TNF Receptor)/CD120

      • LOA: 11%

      • Source Link: Accesswire

  • Traws Pharma, Inc. (TRAW)

    • II

      • Drug: Estybon (Oral)

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Head and Neck Cancer, Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

      • Target: PI3K/AKT pathway, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)

      • LOA: 11%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • II

      • Drug: Estybon (Intravenous)

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Head and Neck Cancer

      • Target: PI3K/AKT pathway, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)

      • LOA: 11%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • IND

      • Drug: Narazaciclib

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Mantle Cell Lymphoma - NHL

      • Target: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK-4), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK-6)

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • I

      • Drug: Narazaciclib

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Solid Tumors

      • Target: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK-4), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK-6)

      • LOA: 5%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • II

      • Drug: Narazaciclib

      • Disease Group: Oncology

      • Indication: Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer

      • Target: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK-4), Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK-6)

      • LOA: 11%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • I

      • Drug: TRX-01

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: COVID-19 Treatment

      • Target: SARS-CoV-2

      • LOA: 13%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

    • I

      • Drug: TRX100

      • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

      • Indication: Influenza (excluding vaccines)

      • Target: Influenza Virus

      • LOA: 13%

      • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Incyte Corporation (INCY)

    • II

      • Drug: INCB54707

      • Disease Group: Respiratory, Allergy

      • Indication: Asthma, Pruritus, Urticaria

      • Target: JAK/STAT

      • LOA: 18%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

    • III

      • Drug: INCB54707

      • Disease Group: Dermatology

      • Indication: Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Vitiligo

      • Target: JAK/STAT

      • LOA: 69% - 70%

      • Source Link: BusinessWire

Clinical trials (LOA=likelihood of approval)

  • Biora Therapeutics, Inc. (BIOR)

    • Trial Name: Phase I - FIH (SAD/MAD)

    • Drug: BT-600

    • Disease Group: Autoimmune/immunology

    • Indication: Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: JAK/STAT

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: Biomedtracker

  • Candel Therapeutics, Inc. (CADL)

    • Trial Name: Phase I/II - PaTK02

    • Drug: Aglatimagene Besadenovec

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Pancreatic Cancer

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Thymidine Kinase, Tumor Cells

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • LENZ Therapeutics (LENZ)

    • Trial Name: Phase III - CLARITY 1, Phase III - CLARITY 2 w/LNZ101, Phase III - CLARITY 3

    • Drug: LNZ-100

    • Disease Group: Ophthalmology

    • Indication: Presbyopia

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

    • LOA: 64%

    • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd. (BSLN)

    • Drug: Zeftera

    • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

    • Indication: Septicemia or Bacteremia (Antibacterial, including Endocarditis)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBP)

    • LOA: 100%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Travere Therapeutics, Inc. (TVTX)

    • Trial Name: Phase III - PROTECT Open-Label Extension (OLE)

    • Drug: Filspari

    • Disease Group: Renal

    • Indication: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy (Berger's Disease)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 (AT1), Endothelin Receptor Type A (EDNRA)

    • LOA: 100%

    • Source Link: Kireports

  • MacroGenics, Inc. (MGNX)

    • Trial Name: Phase II - TAMARACK

    • Drug: MGC018

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Prostate Cancer

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: B7-H3

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • VBI Vaccines Inc. (VBIV)

    • Trial Name: Phase I/IIa/b - Dose Escalation

    • Drug: VBI-1901

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Brain Cancer (Malignant Glioma; AA and glioblastoma (GBM))

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Immune System

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • Moderna, Inc. (MRNA)

    • Trial Name: Phase I/II - Paramount (Pediatric)

    • Drug: mRNA-3927

    • Disease Group: Metabolic

    • Indication: Mitochondrial Respiratory-Chain Diseases

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

    • LOA: 25%

    • Source Link: AccessWire

  • Zentalis Pharmaceuticals (ZNTL)

    • Trial Name: Preclinical Studies

    • Drug: ZN-c3

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Solid Tumors

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Wee1 Inhibitor

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals Corporation (KNSA)

    • Trial Name: Phase II - Proof-of-Concept

    • Drug: Abiprubart

    • Disease Group: Autoimmune/immunology

    • Indication: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40)

    • LOA: 19%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Traws Pharma, Inc. (TRAW)

    • Trial Name: Phase I - PK/PD Study (Healthy Volunteers)

    • Drug: TRX100

    • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

    • Indication: Influenza (excluding vaccines)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Influenza Virus

    • LOA: 13%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • FibroGen, Inc. (FGEN)

    • Trial Name: Phase I - 001 (mCRPC)

    • Drug: FG-3246

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Prostate Cancer

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Cluster of Differentiation 46 (CD46)

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (VNDA)

    • Drug: Fanapt

    • Disease Group: Psychiatry

    • Indication: Bipolar Disorder

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptor , Dopamine 2 (D2) Receptor, Dopamine 3 (D3) Receptor, Dopamine 4 (D4) Receptor, Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor, Serotonin 5-HT6 receptor

    • LOA: 100%

    • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Cantargia AB (CANTA)

    • Trial Name: Preclinical Studies

    • Drug: CAN10

    • Disease Group: Cardiovascular

    • Indication: Atherosclerosis

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: IL-1 (Interleukin-1), IL-33 (Interleukin-33)IL-33 Receptor, IL-36/IL-36R (Interleukin-36/receptor)

    • Source Link: AccessWire

  • Kiromic BioPharma, Inc. (KRBP)

    • Trial Name: Phase I - First-in-Human

    • Drug: Deltacel

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Unknown

    • LOA: 5%

    • Source Link: Kiromic

  • Evaxion Biotech A/S (EVAX)

    • Trial Name: Preclinical Studies

    • Drug: EVX-B1

    • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

    • Indication: Staphylococcal Vaccines and Other Staphylococcus-Specific Agents (Antibacterial)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Staphylococcus

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Mira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (MIRA)

    • Trial Name: Preclinical Studies

    • Drug: Ketamir-2

    • Disease Group: Psychiatry

    • Indication: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: NMDA Glutamate Receptor

    • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Mira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (MIRA)

    • Trial Name: Preclinical Studies

    • Drug: Ketamir-2

    • Disease Group: Psychiatry

    • Indication: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: NMDA Glutamate Receptor

    • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Equillium, Inc. (EQ)

    • Trial Name: Phase Ib - EQUALISE

    • Drug: EQ001

    • Disease Group: Autoimmune/immunology

    • Indication: Lupus Nephritis

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Cluster of Differentiation 6 (CD6)

    • LOA: 11%

    • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • Gritstone bio, Inc. (GRTS)

    • Trial Name: Phase II/III - GRANITE-CRC-1L

    • Drug: GRANITE

    • Disease Group: Oncology

    • Indication: Colorectal Cancer (CRC)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Immune System, Tumor Cells

    • LOA: 49%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ATNM) (continued)

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Cluster of Differentiation 45 (CD45)/Lymphocyte Common Antigen (LCA)

    • LOA: 49%

    • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Biomea Fusion, Inc. (BMEA)

    • Trial Name: Phase II - COVALENT-112 (Canada & US)

    • Drug: BMF-219

    • Disease Group: Endocrine

    • Indication: Diabetes Mellitus, Type I

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Menin

    • LOA: 15%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • Novavax, Inc. (NVAX)

    • Trial Name: Phase II/III - Vaccine Booster Dose

    • Drug: Nuvaxovid

    • Disease Group: Infectious Disease

    • Indication: COVID-19 Prevention

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Immune System, Influenza Virus, SARS-CoV-2

    • LOA: 99%

    • Source Link: PR Newswire

  • Disc Medicine, Inc. (IRON)

    • Trial Name: Phase II - AURORA

    • Drug: Bitopertin

    • Disease Group: Metabolic

    • Indication: Porphyria

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Glycine Neurotransmitter Transporter (GlyT-1)

    • LOA: 28%

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

  • AstraZeneca PLC (AZN)

    • Drug: Danicopan

    • Disease Group: Autoimmune/immunology

    • Indication: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

    • Lead Indication: N

    • Target: Factor D (alternate complement pathway)

    • LOA: 100%

    • Source Link: BusinessWire

  • Surrozen Inc. (SRZN)

    • Trial Name: Phase Ia - SAD/MAD Study (Australia)

    • Drug: SZN-043

    • Disease Group: Endocrine

    • Indication: Alcoholic Liver Disease / Alcoholic Hepatitis

    • Lead Indication: Y

    • Target: Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), WNT Signaling Pathway

    • Source Link: GlobeNewswire

Financing events

Reduction in force (RIF)

April 4 - Amylyx Pharmaceuticals: After Relyvrio failed a confirmatory trial, Amylyx has pulled the ALS therapy off the market and is laying off about 70% of staff. As of the end of 2023, Amylyx had 384 full-time employees, according to an annual securities filing. The cuts will leave the company with about 100 remaining workers. Story

April 1 - Carisma Therapeutics: The immunotherapy-focused biotech plans to let go of 37% of staffers and drop one of two clinical assets in an effort to stretch its cash into the third quarter of 2025. The layoffs follow a reverse merger with Sesen Bio in March 2023, a move that increased Carisma's personnel costs. Story

Disease of the week

Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) is an extremely rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a group of disorders characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of histiocytes, a type of white blood cell, in various tissues and organs of the body. ECD specifically involves the infiltration of histiocytes into multiple organs, leading to the formation of tumors or lesions.

Here are some key points about Erdheim-Chester Disease:

  1. Epidemiology: ECD is an exceedingly rare disease, with only a few hundred cases reported worldwide. It typically affects adults between the ages of 40 and 70, although cases have been reported in individuals of all ages, including children.

  2. Clinical Presentation: The clinical presentation of ECD can vary widely depending on the organs involved. Common symptoms may include bone pain, especially in the long bones of the legs, as well as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and neurological deficits if the central nervous system is affected. Other organs commonly affected include the kidneys, heart, lungs, skin, and retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdominal cavity).

  3. Pathophysiology: The exact cause of ECD is unknown. However, it is believed to be related to the abnormal proliferation and activation of histiocytes, leading to the formation of granulomatous lesions in various tissues. Recent research suggests that somatic mutations in genes such as BRAF, MAP2K1, and PIK3CA may play a role in the pathogenesis of ECD.

  4. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of ECD can be challenging due to its rarity and nonspecific symptoms. It often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI), and histopathological examination of biopsy samples taken from affected tissues.

  5. Treatment: There is no standard treatment protocol for ECD due to its rarity and variability in clinical presentation. Treatment options may include systemic corticosteroids, chemotherapy agents (such as interferon-alpha or cladribine), targeted therapies (such as BRAF inhibitors for patients with BRAF mutations), and immunomodulatory agents. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to address complications such as bone fractures or obstructive lesions.

  6. Prognosis: The prognosis of ECD varies depending on the extent and severity of organ involvement. Some patients may have a relatively indolent course with stable disease over many years, while others may experience rapid progression and significant morbidity or mortality. Close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers is essential for managing the disease and its complications.

What I’ve read this week
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